Reason

You ask me which of the philosophers' traits are really idiosyncrasies? For example, their lack of historical sense, their hatred of the very idea of becoming, their Egypticism. They think that they show their respect for a subject when they de-historicize it, sub specie aeternitas--when they turn it into a mummy. All that philosophers have handled for thousands of years have been concept-mummies; nothing real escaped their grasp alive. When these honorable idolators of concepts worship something, they kill it and stuff it; they threaten the life of everything they worship. Death, change, old age, as well as procreation and growth, are to their minds objections--even refutations. Whatever has being does not become; whatever becomes does not have being. Now they all believe, desperately even, in what has being. But since they never grasp it, they seek for reasons why it is kept from them. "There must be mere appearance, there must be some deception which prevents us from perceiving that which has being: where is the deceiver?" "We have found him," they cry ecstatically; "it is the senses! These senses, which are so immoral in other ways too, deceive us concerning the true world. Moral: let us free ourselves from the deception of the senses, from becoming, from history, from lies; history is nothing but faith in the senses, faith in lies. Moral: let us say No to all who have faith in the senses, to all the rest of mankind; they are all 'mob.' Let us be philosophers! Let us be mummies" Let us represent monotono-theism by adopting the expression of a gravedigger! And above all, away with the body, this wretched idée fixe of the senses, disfigured by all the fallacies of logic, refuted, even impossible, although it is impudent enough to behave as if it were real!"

With the highest respect, I except the name of Heraclitus. When the rest of the philosophic folk rejected the testimony of the senses because they showed multiplicity and change, he rejected their testimony because they showed things as if they had permanence and unity. Heraclitus too did the senses an injustice. They lie neither in the way the Eleatics believed, nor as he believed--they do not lie at all. What we make of their testimony, that alone introduces lies; for example, the lie of unity, the lie of thinghood, of substance, of permanence. "Reason" is the cause of our falsification of the testimony of the senses. Insofar as the senses show becoming, passing away, and change, they do not lie. But Heraclitus will remain eternally right with his assertion that being is an empty fiction. The "apparent" world is the only one: the "true" world is merely added by a lie.

And what magnificent instruments of observation we possess in our senses! This nose, for example, of which no philosopher has yet spoken with reverence and gratitude, is actually the most delicate instrument so far at our disposal: it is able to detect minimal differences of motion which even a spectroscope cannot detect. Today we possess science precisely to the extent to which we have decided to accept the testimony of the senses--to the extent to which we sharpen them further, arm them, and have learned to think them through. The rest is miscarriage and not-yet-science--in other words, metaphysics, theology, psychology, epistemology--or formal science, a doctrine of signs, such as logic and that applied logic which is called mathematics. In them reality is not encountered at all, not even as a problem--no more than the question of the value of such a sign-convention as logic.

The other idiosyncrasy of the philosophers is no less dangerous; it consists in confusing the last and the first. They place that which comes at the end--unfortunately! for it ought not to come at all!--namely, the "highest concepts," which means the most general, the emptiest concepts, the last smoke of evaporating reality, in the beginning, as the beginning. This again is nothing but their way of showing reverence: the higher may not grow out of the lower, may not have grown at all. Moral: whatever is of the first rank must be causa sui. Origin out of something else is considered an objection, a questioning of value. All the highest values are of the first rank; all the highest concepts, that which has being, the unconditional, the good, the true, the perfect--all these cannot have become and must therefore be causes. All these, moreover, cannot be unlike each other or in contradiction to each other. Thus they arrive at their stupendous concept, "God." That which is last, thinnest, and emptiest is put first, as the cause, as ens realissimum. Why did mankind have to take seriously the brain afflictions of sick web-spinners? They have paid dearly for it!

At long last, let us contrast the very different manner in which we conceive the problem of error and appearance. (I say "we" for politeness' sake.) Formerly, alteration, change, any becoming at all, were taken as proof of mere appearance, as an indication that there must be something which led us astray. Today, conversely, precisely insofar as the prejudice of reason forces us to posit unity, identity, permanence, substance, cause, thinghood, being, we see ourselves somehow caught in error, compelled into error. So certain are we, on the basis of rigorous examination, that this is where the error lies. It is no different in this case than with the movement of the sun: there our eye is the constant advocate of error, here it is our language. In its origin language belongs in the age of the most rudimentary form of psychology. We enter a realm of crude fetishism when we summon before consciousness the basic presuppositions of the metaphysics of language, in plain talk, the presuppositions of reason. Everywhere it sees a doer and doing; it believes in will as the cause; it believes in the ego, in the ego as being, in the ego as substance, and it projects this faith in the ego-substance upon all things--only thereby does it first create the concept of "thing." Everywhere "being" is projected by thought, pushed underneath, as the cause; the concept of being follows, and is a derivative of, the concept of ego. In the beginning there is that great calamity of an error that the will is something which is effective, that will is a capacity. Today we know that it is only a word. Very much later, in a world which was in a thousand ways more enlightened, philosophers, to their great surprise, became aware of the sureness, the subjective certainty, in our handling of the categories of reason: they concluded that these categories could not be derived from anything empirical--for everything empirical plainly contradicted them. Whence, then, were they derived? And in India, as in Greece, the same mistake was made: "We must once have been at home in a higher world (instead of a very much lower one, which would have been the truth); we must have been divine, for we have reason!" Indeed, nothing has yet possessed a more naive power of persuasion than the error concerning being, as it has been formulated by the Eleatics, for example. After all, every word and every sentence we say speak in its favor. Even the opponents of the Eleatics still succumbed to the seduction of their concept of being: Democritus, among others, when he invented his atom. "Reason" in language--oh, what an old deceptive female she is! I am afraid we are not rid of God because we still have faith in grammar.

It will be appreciated if I condense so essential and so new an insight into four theses. In that way I facilitate comprehension; in that way I provoke contradiction. First proposition. The reasons for which "this" world has been characterized as "apparent" are the very reasons which indicate its reality; any other kind of reality is absolutely indemonstrable. Second proposition. The criteria which have been bestowed on the "true being" of things are the criteria of not-being, of naught, the "true world" has been constructed out of contradiction to the actual world: indeed an apparent world, insofar as it is merely a moral-optical illusion. Third proposition. To invent fables about a world "other" than this one has no meaning at all, unless an instinct of slander, detraction, and suspicion against life has gained the upper hand in us: in that case, we avenge ourselves against life with a phantasmagoria of "another," a "better" life. Fourth proposition. Any distinction between a "true" and an "apparent" world--whether in the Christian manner or in the manner of Kant (in the end, an underhanded Christian)--is only a suggestion of decadence, a symptom of the decline of life. That the artist esteems appearance higher than reality is no objection to this proposition. For "appearance" in this case means reality once more, only by way of selection, reinforcement, and correction. The tragic artist is no pessimist: he is precisely the one who says Yes to everything questionable, even to the terrible--he is Dionysian.

Vocabulary

1. Handle (verb): To touch, hold or move something with your hands.
2. Grasp (noun): A firm hold of something or control over something.
3. Worship (verb): To love and admire something very much, especially so much that you cannot see their faults.
4. Stuff (verb): To fill the dead body of an animal with material and preserve it, so that it keeps its original shape and appearance.
5. Deceiver (noun): Person which make one believe something that is not true.
6. Mob (noun): A large crowd of people, especially one that may become violent or cause trouble.
7. Wretched (adjective): Used to show that you think that something is extremely annoying.
8. Impudent (adjective): Rude; not showing respect for other people.
9. Insofar as (idiom): To the degree that.
10. The extent to which (idiom): How much.
11. Sharpen (verb): To become or make something better, more skilful, more effective, etc. than before.
12. Encounter (verb): To experience something, especially something unpleasant or difficult, while you are trying to do something else.
13. Lead (verb): To be the reason why someone does or thinks something.
14. Summon (verb): To order someone to appear in a court of law.
15. Underneath (adverb): Under or below something else, especially when it is hidden or covered by the thing on top.
16. Whence (adverb): From where.
17. Naught (noun): Used in particular phrases to mean "nothing".
18. Slander (noun): A false spoken statement intended to damage the good opinion people have of someone.
19. Underhanded (adjective): Secret and dishonest.
    

SUMMARY

The article is about the concept of "Reason" in the Philosophy folk and the basis above all the "supra-concepts" as God, Truth or Science.

This article was written by F.W. Nietzsche, a German philosopher in the nineteenths. So, it's quite interesting to read that kind of things because of the relevance of their works.

Firstly, this article is a part of the book "The Twilight of Idols", the last book that he wrote before his death in 1900. This extract shows the development of the Metaphysics and its relation with the concepts that I mentioned. With a notorious personal style, he demanded not to separate the testimony of the human senses from our consciousness.

Secondly, he talks about "the historical error" which consists in "put the cause as the effect" and "the first as the last" and viceversa. He thinks that all our criterias about Truth or World are conditioned by our Psychology, that is, our power in favour or against Life, our "Dyonisism".

OPINIION

First of all, it's quite difficult to separate his literary fashion from the real meaning of it. So, as much as I understood, Science should be based on the Senses. It's a direct attack against Hegelian philosophical system as well as it provoked the catastrophic ending of the WWII. Many scholars think that all the philosophical systems based on only theoretical thinkings ara wrong and Nietzsche was right criticizing that separation between "Praxis and Doxa".

Finally, I'd recommend this article to all the people who are interested in knowing more about this interesting author and also to all the Philosophy students.

On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense

What then is truth? A movable host of metaphors, metonymies, and; anthropomorphisms: in short, a sum of human relations which have been poetically and rhetorically intensified, transferred, and embellished, and which, after long usage, seem to a people to be fixed, canonical, and binding. Truths are illusions which we have forgotten are illusions- they are metaphors that have become worn out and have been drained of sensuous force, coins which have lost their embossing and are now considered as metal and no longer as coins.

We still do not yet know where the drive for truth comes from. For so far we have heard only of the duty which society imposes in order to exist: to be truthful means to employ the usual metaphors. Thus, to express it morally, this is the duty to lie according to a fixed convention, to lie with the herd and in a manner binding upon everyone. Now man of course forgets that this is the way things stand for him. Thus he lies in the manner indicated, unconsciously and in accordance with habits which are centuries' old; and precisely by means of this unconsciousness and forgetfulness he arrives at his sense of truth. From the sense that one is obliged to designate one thing as "red," another as "cold," and a third as "mute," there arises a moral impulse in regard to truth. The venerability, reliability, and utility of truth is something which a person demonstrates for himself from the contrast with the liar, whom no one trusts and everyone excludes. As a "rational" being, he now places his behavior under the control of abstractions. He will no longer tolerate being carried away by sudden impressions, by intuitions. First he universalizes all these impressions into less colorful, cooler concepts, so that he can entrust the guidance of his life and conduct to them. Everything which distinguishes man from the animals depends upon this ability to volatilize perceptual metaphors in a schema, and thus to dissolve an image into a concept. For something is possible in the realm of these schemata which could never be achieved with the vivid first impressions: the construction of a pyramidal order according to castes and degrees, the creation of a new world of laws, privileges, subordinations, and clearly marked boundaries-a new world, one which now confronts that other vivid world of first impressions as more solid, more universal, better known, and more human than the immediately perceived world, and thus as the regulative and imperative world. Whereas each perceptual metaphor is individual and without equals and is therefore able to elude all classification, the great edifice of concepts displays the rigid regularity of a Roman columbarium and exhales in logic that strength and coolness which is characteristic of mathematics. Anyone who has felt this cool breath [of logic] will hardly believe that even the concept-which is as bony, foursquare, and transposable as a die-is nevertheless merely the residue of a metaphor, and that the illusion which is involved in the artistic transference of a nerve stimulus into images is, if not the mother, then the grandmother of every single concept. But in this conceptual crap game "truth" means using every die in the designated manner, counting its spots accurately, fashioning the right categories, and never violating the order of caste and class rank. Just as the Romans and Etruscans cut up the heavens with rigid mathematical lines and confined a god within each of the spaces thereby delimited, as within a templum, so every people has a similarly mathematically divided conceptual heaven above themselves and henceforth thinks that truth demands that each conceptual god be sought only within his own sphere. Here one may certainly admire man as a mighty genius of construction, who succeeds in piling an infinitely complicated dome of concepts upon an unstable foundation, and, as it were, on running water. Of course, in order to be supported by such a foundation, his construction must be like one constructed of spiders' webs: delicate enough to be carried along by the waves, strong enough not to be blown apart by every wind. As a genius of construction man raises himself far above the bee in the following way: whereas the bee builds with wax that he gathers from nature, man builds with the far more delicate conceptual material which he first has to manufacture from himself. In this he is greatly to be admired, but not on account of his drive for truth or for pure knowledge of things. When someone hides something behind a bush and looks for it again in the same place and finds it there as well, there is not much to praise in such seeking and finding. Yet this is how matters stand regarding seeking and finding "truth" within the realm of reason. If I make up the definition of a mammal, and then, after inspecting a camel, declare "look, a mammal' I have indeed brought a truth to light in this way, but it is a truth of limited value. That is to say, it is a thoroughly anthropomorphic truth which contains not a single point which would be "true in itself" or really and universally valid apart from man. At bottom, what the investigator of such truths is seeking is only the metamorphosis of the world into man. He strives to understand the world as something analogous to man, and at best he achieves by his struggles the feeling of assimilation. Similar to the way in which astrologers considered the stars to be in man 's service and connected with his happiness and sorrow, such an investigator considers the entire universe in connection with man: the entire universe as the infinitely fractured echo of one original sound-man; the entire universe as the infinitely multiplied copy of one original picture-man. His method is to treat man as the measure of all things, but in doing so he again proceeds from the error of believing that he hasthese things [which he intends to measure] immediately before him as mere objects. He forgets that the original perceptual metaphors are metaphors and takes them to be the things themselves.

Only by forgetting this primitive world of metaphor can one live with any repose, security, and consistency: only by means of the petrification and coagulation of a mass of images which originally streamed from the primal faculty of human imagination like a fiery liquid, only in the invincible faith that this sun, this window, this table is a truth in itself, in short, only by forgetting that he himself is an artistically creating subject, does man live with any repose, security, and consistency. If but for an instant he could escape from the prison walls of this faith, his"self consciousness" would be immediately destroyed. It is even a difficult thing for him to admit to himself that the insect or the bird perceives an entirely different world from the one that man does, and that the question of which of these perceptions of the world is the more correct one is quite meaningless, for this would have to have been decided previously in accordance with the criterion of the correct perception, which means, in accordance with a criterion which is not available. But in any case it seems to me that "the correct perception"-which would mean "the adequate expression of an object in the subject"-is a contradictory impossibility. For between two absolutely different spheres, as between subject and object, there is no causality, no correctness, and no expression; there is, at most, an aesthetic relation: I mean, a suggestive transference, a stammering translation into a completely foreign tongue-for which I there is required, in any case, a freely inventive intermediate sphere and mediating force. "Appearance" is a word that contains many temptations, which is why I avoid it as much as possible. For it is not true that the essence of things "appears" in the empirical world. A painter without hands who wished to express in song the picture before his mind would, by means of this substitution of spheres, still reveal more about the essence of things than does the empirical world. Even the relationship of a nerve stimulus to the generated image is not a necessary one. But when the same image has been generated millions of times and has been handed down for many generations and finally appears on the same occasion every time for all mankind, then it acquires at last the same meaning for men it would have if it were the sole necessary image and if the relationship of the original nerve stimulus to the generated image were a strictly causal one. In the same manner, an eternally repeated dream would certainly be felt and judged to be reality. But the hardening and congealing of a metaphor guarantees absolutely nothing concerning its necessity and exclusive justification.

Every person who is familiar with such considerations has no doubt felt a deep mistrust of all idealism of this sort: just as often as he has quite early convinced himself of the eternal consistency, omnipresence, and fallibility of the laws of nature. He has concluded that so far as we can penetrate here-from the telescopic heights to the microscopic depths-everything is secure, complete, infinite, regular, and without any gaps. Science will be able to dig successfully in this shaft forever, and the things that are discovered will harmonize with and not contradict each other. How little does this resemble a product of the imagination, for if it were such, there should be some place where the illusion and reality can be divined. Against this, the following must be said: if each us had a different kind of sense perception-if we could only perceive things now as a bird, now as a worm, now as a plant, or if one of us saw a stimulus as red, another as blue, while a third even heard the same stimulus as a sound-then no one would speak of such a regularity of nature, rather, nature would be grasped only as a creation which is subjective in the highest degree. After all, what is a law of nature as such for us? We are not acquainted with it in itself, but only with its effects, which means in its relation to other laws of nature-which, in turn, are known to us only as sums of relations. Therefore all these relations always refer again to others and are thoroughly incomprehensible to us in their essence. All that we actually know about these laws of nature is what we ourselves bring to them-time and space, and therefore relationships of succession and number. But everything marvelous about the laws of nature, everything that quite astonishes us therein and seems to demand explanation, everything that might lead us to distrust idealism: all this is completely and solely contained within the mathematical strictness and inviolability of our representations of time and space. But we produce these representations in and from ourselves with the same necessity with which the spider spins. If we are forced to comprehend all things only under these forms, then it ceases to be amazing that in all things we actually comprehend nothing but these forms. For they must all bear within themselves the laws of number, and it is precisely number which is most astonishing in things. All that conformity to law, which impresses us so much in the movement of the stars and in chemical processes, coincides at bottom with those properties which we bring to things. Thus it is we who impress ourselves in this way. In conjunction with this, it of course follows that the artistic process of metaphor formation with which every sensation begins in us already presupposes these forms and thus occurs within them. The only way in which the possibility of subsequently constructing a new conceptual edifice from metaphors themselves can be explained is by the firm persistence of these original forms That is to say, this conceptual edifice is an imitation of temporal, spatial, and numerical relationships in the domain of metaphor.

VOCABULARY

Metonyms (noun): The act of referring to something by the name of something else that is closely connected with it, for example using "the White House" for "the US President".

Enhance (verb): To increase or further improve the good quality, value or status of someone or something.

Embellish (verb): To make something more beautiful by adding decorations to it.

Reliable (adjective): That can be trusted to do something well; that you can rely on.

Upon (preposition): On (formal):

Boundary (noun): A real or imagined live that marks the limits or edges of something and separates it from other things or places; a dividing line.

Whereas (conjuction): Used to compare or contrast two facts.

Bony (adjective): Consisting of or like bone.

Die (noun): Dice (American English).

Nevertheless (adverb): In spite of something that you have just mentioned.

Crap (adjective): Bad; of very bad quality.

Henceforth (adverb): Starting from a particular time and at all times in the future.

Dome (noun): A thing or a building shaped like a round roof with a circular base.

Gather (verb): To collect plants, fruit, etc. from a wide area.

Bush (noun): A plant that grows thickly with several hard stems coming up from the root.

Thoroughly (adverb): Very much; completely.

Strive (verb): To try very hard to achieve something or to defeat something.

Sorrow (noun): A feeling of great sadness because something very bad has happened.

Stammer (verb): To speak with difficulty, repeating sounds or words and often stopping, before saying things correctly.

Congeal (verb): To become thick or solid.

Gap (noun): A space between two things or in the middle of something, especially because there is a part missing.

Dig (verb): To mix with another substance.

Resemble (verb): To look like or be similar to another person or thing.

Grasp (verb): To understand something completely.

SUMMARY

In this text, you can see many cases of "false reason" or "artificial truths" which were constructed by "social life" or "prejudices" from ancient times until now.

With a splendorous style of writing, Nietzsche (the author of this text) opens the discussion about the relation between "Truth" and "Moral", that is to say, what exactly means our process through our mind and "logical sense". That is the key in order to understand well what Nietzsche would mean in this text.

On the other side, he proposes the question about the "genealogy" of our final views, concepts (and their constructions) and, finally, our "truths". He thinks that the whole process begins in a "nervous stimulus" which confers all the basic information which, at the same time, is converted in a concept-truth according to our "social needs" and, also, our basic life needs to survive on the Earth in relation to the previous one too.

OPINION

Summarily, I'm convinced that what Nietzsche said one hundred years ago is a "true" that is difficult to assume yet because our "softiness" towards ourselves and our "truths".

So, as much as I'm concerned, this is a task which might involve many years of solidified prejudices amongst all social classes and our not-yet-resolved lack of sincerity towards ourselves including "our happiness and sorrow".

Homework 1

My ideal home
(“Home… sweet home!”)

First of all, I dream of living in a comfortable, simple and, at the same time, useful flat on the outskirts in whichever building that is a long way from the city center. This would be quite different from the insipid house where I live at present. It would be conveniently distant from any sort of public spaces such as parks, zoos or, say, theatres and cinemas and I hope I’d have a great deal of peace and tranquility in order to achieve my “nirvana”.

Secondly, I need enough rooms to welcome any person or group of people who might have the desire to get to there. This would give me the abality to hold business appointments and, moreover, a good place to talk about important topics. It would consist in a minimum of three living rooms and a spacious kitchen. Ideally, it would be located among gardens, with a great Pacific Ocean view.

I wouldn’t need much space. I’d just want enough room to greet adequately my occasional guests. If I had all these things, I’d be happy, at least, for a while.

"Alors y donc"

Alors

→Lors: adverbe d'abord lur (1080) et lores (1119), est issu du latin tardif "illa hora", proprement "à cette heure", ablatif circonstanciel de temps (→ heure, or), avec constitution d'une dipthongue -ao- aboutissant par -au- à -o-. La disparition du -e final peut s'expliquer par le fait qu'il s'agit d'un mot accésoire: il a reçu un -s adverbial.

Lors: "à ce moment-là", a quasiment cessé d'être employé de manière autonome au XVIIème siècle du profit d'alors. Depuis il s'est maintenu dans trois emplois: dans la locution prépositionelle "lors de" (1599) à laquelle Vangelas reprochait son inélégance, dans les locutions adverbiales dès lors (XIIIème siècle), pour lors (1477) d'abord employé dans un sens temporel puis (1688) dans un sens logique et depuis lors (1677), enfin dans les locutions conjonctives dès lors que (1080, des l'ure que), lors que (voire 1200).

Alors
(adverbe)

Résulte du renforcement expressif (XIIème siècle) de l'adverbe "lors" au moyen de la préposition "à". Cette hypothèse, soutenue par l'exemple parallèle de "adonc" (à + donc) et de l'ancien français "ilors" (avec le "i" de l'ancien français "iluec" (là) (voire 1119)), est préférée à celle d'une derivation phonétique d'une locution latine ad illam horam (à cette heure-là) (Le latin attestait seulement ad horam).

"Alors", relativement rare jusqu'au XVème siècle s'est répandu ensuite aux depens de lors. Il a d'abord une valeur temporelle: "à ce moment-là" s'appliquant à une action en train de se dérouler, puis aussi en référence au passé (XIIIème siècle) et exprime parfois la durée, "à cette époque-là", "en ce temps-là" (voire 1225). La locution "alors comme alors" (voire 1460) équivaut familièrement à "nous verrons alors comment nous en tirer".

À partir du XIIIème siècle, alors exprime aussi du lien logique de conséquence, "dans ce cas" (voire 1271). Celui-ci se distend dans l'usage oral, en interrogation (alors? 1866; ça alors?), au profit de valeurs expressives allant de l'indignation (et alors?) à l'étonnement et à la joie (chic alors!). Dès le XIIème siècle, "alors que" constitue une locution conjoctive dans le sens correspond à "à l'heure où..., lorsque" (1167, a l'ore que). Toutefois, ce sens temporelle a été évincé par "lorsque" (lors que) conformément aux prescriptions de Vaugels qui signale aussi la disparition de l'ancienne interprétation graphique "à l'heure pour alors". "Alors que" c'est mantenu au sens adversatif de "tandis qui, avec lieu que" (1422).

Donc

Conjunction. D'abord dunc (980) puis donc et donques (jusqu'au XVIIème siècle), est d'origine discutée. L'hypothèse qui en fait le représentant du latin "donique", forme élargie de donec "jusqu'au moment où", puis "tant que, aussi longtemps que", est peu probable. On l'accorde plutôt à y voir le représentant du latin dum (synonyme de donec), particule temporelle marquant la simultaneité de deux actions qui se déroulent. Dunc, avec ou sans valeur déterminante, s'emploie souvent, dans le second cas, comme enclitique, joint comme particule de renforcement à des adverbes ou à des mots exclamatifs, des impératifs. Le français fait un usage analogue de donc dans donne-le lui donc! etc. Peur, dans laquel la notion de durée and duncane (→ durer). La forme donc remonterait dans ce cas, soit à duncque, soit au latin dunc, forme de dun influenciée para tun, tunc "alors", et attesté à base époque avec le sens de "pendant que".

Le mot a le sens temporel de "alors", souvent glosé para le latin tunc, et sorti d'usage; dès 1175, il sert à exposer une conséquence, une conclusion, il est aussi (1172 - 1175) employé comme particule de renforcement (comme dum en latin), notamment avec un impératif, un adverbe ou un nom employé en exclamatif.

La ancienne forme renforcée ADONC, et adonques (voire 1170) "alors, puis" est sortie d'usage au XVIIème siècle où elle est résumé au style burlesque du archaïsant.

Climate change and policies in US

Do Americans support policies to address climate change and energy?

Despite the economic crisis, over 90 percent of Americans said that the United States should act to reduce global warming, even if it has economic costs. This included 34 percent that said the U.S. should make a large-scale effort to reduce its emissions, even if it has large economic costs, while another 40 percent said that the U.S. should make a medium-scale effort, even if it has moderate economic costs. Only 9 percent said that the U.S. should make no effort at all to reduce its emissions.

The study also assessed whether the American public agreed with the tenets of the 1997 Byrd-Hagel non-binding Senate Resolution. Just prior to the 1997 Kyoto climate summit, the U.S. Senate passed a non-binding resolutions (95-0) co-sponsored by Senators Robert Byrd (D) of West Virginia and Chuck Hagel (R) of Nebraska, which urged the Clinton administration to not accept any treaty that did not include the "meaningful" participation of all developing as well as industrialized countries, arguing that to do so would unfairly put the U.S. at a competitive disadvantage.

Only 7 percent of Americans agreed with the statement "the U.S. should reduce its greenhouse gas emissions only if other industrialized and developing countries (such as China, India, and Brazil) reduce their emissions". By contrast, 67 percent of Americans said "the U.S. should reduce its greenhouse gas emissions regardless of what other countries do." While it is doubtful that most Americans understand the potential economic implications of unilateral action, one interpretation for these results is that many Americans consider this as an issue of individual (country) responsibility. In other words, if the United States is contributing to the problem, it has a responsibility to clean up after itself.

The survey also asked Americans how much they supported or opposed a wide variety of climate change policies, including possible regulations, subsidies, tax incentives, research and development funding, and international treaties. Overall, there was broad-bases, bipartisan support for most policy options, with the notable exception of a higher gas tax. A cap and trade market-based system also received relatively weak support as described further below.

Very large majorities of Americans supported a variety of climate change policies:

• 92 percent said the government should increase funding for research into renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power;
• 85 percent supported tax rebates for people buying energy efficient vehicles or solar panels;
• 80 percent said the government should regulate carbon dioxide (the primary greenhouse gas) as a pollutant;
• 69 percent of Americans said the United States should sign an international treaty that requires the U.S. to cut its emissions of carbon dioxide 90% by the year 2050.

Importantly, large majorities of Americans also said they would support policies that would personally cost them more. For example:

• 79 percent supported a 45 mpg fuel efficiency standard for cars, trucks, and SUVs; even if that meant a new vehicle cost up to $1,000 more to buy;
• 72 percent supported a Renewable Portfolio Standard that required electric utilities to produce at least 20 percent of their electricity from wind, solar, or other renewable energy sources, even if it cost the average household an extra $100 a year;
• 72 percent supported a government subsidy to replace old water heaters, air conditioners, light bulbs, and insulation, even if it cost the average household $5 a month in higher taxes;
• 63 percent supported establishment of a special fund to make buildings more energy efficient and teach Americans how to reduce their energy use, even if this cost the average household $2.50 a month in higher electric bills.

At the time of the survey, nationwide retail gas prices were approximately $ 3.25/gallon and energy had become a major issue in the presidential campaign. Within this context, respondents also supported a variety of other energy policies:

• 75 percent supported the expansion of offshore drilling for oil and natural gas off the U.S. coast;
• 61 percent supported the building of more nuclear power plants;
• 57 percent supported drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge;
• Only 33 percent, however, supported increasing taxes on gasoline by 25 cents per gallon and returning the revenues to taxpayers by reducing the federal income tax.

Finally, there was relatively weak public support for a national cap and trade system, which is one of the major policies currently being considered by the U.S. Congress and supported by President Obama. Only 53 percent of Americans supported the creation of "a new national market that allows companies to buy and sell the right to emit the greenhouse gases said to cause global warming. The federal government would set a national cap on emissions. Each company would then purchase the right to emit a portion of this total amount. If a company then emitted more than its portion, it would have to buy more emission rights from other companies or pay large fines." This proporsal was strongly supported by only 11 percent of Americans, while it was strongly opposed by 23 percent. These results suggest that the public remains uncertain about a cap and trade system to reduce national emissions of carbon dioxide.

VOCABULARY

Assess (verb): To make a judgement about the nature or quality of someone or something.

Tenet (noun): One of the principles or beliefs that a theory or larger set of beliefs is based on (formal).

Binding (adjective): That must be obeyed because it is accepted in law.

Prior to (adjective): Before something (formal).

Summit (noun): An official meeting or series of meetings between the leaders of two or more governments at which the discuss important matters.

Sponsor (verb): To introduce a proposal for a new law, etc. (technical).

Urge (verb): To recommend something strongly.

Treaty (noun): A formal arregement between two or more countries.

Regardless of (preposition): Paying no attention to something or someone; treating something or someone as not being important.

Clean up (idiom): To start behaving in a moral or resposible way.

Survey (noun): An investigation of the opinions, behaviour, etc. of a particular group of people, which is usually done by asking them questions.

Funding (noun): Money for a particular purpose; the act of providing money for such a purpose.

Overall (adverb): Generally; when you consider everything.

Broad-based (adjective): Based on a wide variety of people, things or ideas; not limited.

Bipartisan (adjective): Involving two political parties (written).

Rebate (noun): An amount of money that is paid back to you because you have paid too much.

Pollutant (noun): A substance that pollutes something, especially air and water (formal).

Household (noun): All the people living together in a house.

Light bulb (noun): The glass part that fits into an electric lamp, etc. to give light when it is switched on.

Insulation (noun): The act of protecting something with a material that prevents heat, sound, electricity, etc. from passing through; the materials used for this.

Retail (noun): The selling of goods to the public, usually through shops/stores.

Offshore (adjective): Happening or existing in the sea, not far from the land.

Drill (verb): To make a hole in something, using a tool or machine with a pointed end.

Revenues (noun): The money that a government receives from taxes or that an organization, etc. receives from its business.

SUMMARY

This article is about a survey which shows the preferences of American people towards climate change policies.

Also, it includes the fact of how much they support possible changes in this matter, for instance, possible regulations, subsidies, tax incentives, research and development funding, and international treaties.

Moreover, the survey shows that too many Americans supported a variety of climate change policies including those which would cost more and so on.

Finally, it includes a brief historical description about attempts made by the American government since Bill Clinton's term.

OPINION

I think American people are getting into a real awareness of the dangerous consequences of the Climate Change. Moreover, they don't know enough about federal income taxes that are very important to know because this concern is related to Obama's proposal to create "a new national cap and trade system". I am totally against all those imposed taxes which make people angry because they aren't "legally constitutional".

To sum up, it seems to me that Obama's intention to create new policies in order to face up climate change and all sort of environmental issues is merely a pretext to create new imposed taxes that would give more money to the "Secret Government".

Trabajo final de francés

Trabajo final del curso de Francés

Muerte pasional

Macabro episodio: sujeto envenenó a su esposa e hijos para irse con su amante

11:40 | Intentó engañar a la Policía con una supuesta carta de suicidio de su mujer, la cual en realidad habría sido escrita por él o su nueva pareja

En las afueras del hogar de la familia Pérez en Concepción, Huancayo, los vecinos escucharon fuertes quejidos de dolor de los hijos. Sin embargo, no se imaginaron el macabro episodio que llevaba a cabo Edison Pérez Romaní.

El sujeto de 25 años no pudo sobrellevar el enfermizo amor que siente por su nueva pareja y decidió dejar atrás a su familia deshaciéndose de ellos.

Sus hijos de 3 y 5 años y su esposa Rosalía Corichahua, de 22 años, no se imaginaron que la leche que tomarían ese fatídico día estaba mezclada con insecticida. Pérez Romaní se encargó de comprar la botella con el veneno cerca de su casa.

En un intento de desligarse totalmente de sus crímenes, el sujeto dejó una carta de suicidio supuestamente escrita por su esposa junto a su cadáver, y pidió ayuda a los vecinos para trasladarla a un hospital.

Cuando la Policía llegó, verificó que la letra de la carta no corresponde a la de Corichahua. El sujeto fue detenido junto a su amante. “Que se pudra en la cárcel”, exclamó un familiar de la fallecida.

Fotos de Ica

Bueno, esta es una entrega de algunas fotos que mi primo paterno, Javier de Ica, hizo por ocasión de la "Vendimia de Ica". Si quieren contratarlo, pasen con un comentario y dichoso le atenderemos. Gracias por adelantado a todos. Amén.

Ecce homo

Coffee

Coffee as a Health Drink?

Studies Find Some Benefits

Coffee is not usually thought of as health food, but a number of recent studies suggest that it can be a highly beneficial drink. Researchers have found strong evidence that coffee reduces the risk of several serious ailments, including diabetes, heart disease and cirrhosis of the liver.

Among them is a systematic review of studies published last year in The Journal of the American Medical Association, which concluded that habitual coffee consumption was consistently associated with a lower risk of Type 2 diabetes. Exactly why is not known, but the authors offered several explanations.

Coffee contains antioxidants that help control the cell damage that can contribute to the development of the disease. It is also a source of chlorogenic acid, which has been shown in animal experiments to reduce glucose concentrations.

Caffeine, perhaps coffee’s most famous component, seems to have little to do with it; studies that looked at decaffeinated coffee alone found the same degree of risk reduction.

Larger quantities of coffee seem to be especially helpful in diabetes prevention. In a report that combined statistical data from many studies, researchers found that people who drank four to six cups of coffee a day had a 28 percent reduced risk compared with people who drank two or fewer. Those who drank more than six had a 35 percent risk reduction.

Some studies show that cardiovascular risk also decreases with coffee consumption. Using data on more than 27,000 women ages 55 to 69 in the Iowa Women’s Health Study who were followed for 15 years, Norwegian researchers found that women who drank one to three cups a day reduced their risk of cardiovascular disease by 24 percent compared with those drinking no coffee at all.

But as the quantity increased, the benefit decreased. At more than six cups a day, the risk was not significantly reduced. Still, after controlling for age, smoking and alcohol consumption, women who drank one to five cups a day — caffeinated or decaffeinated — reduced their risk of death from all causes during the study by 15 to 19 percent compared with those who drank none.

The findings, which appeared in May in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, suggest that antioxidants in coffee may dampen inflammation, reducing the risk of disorders related to it, like cardiovascular disease. Several compounds in coffee may contribute to its antioxidant capacity, including phenols, volatile aroma compounds and oxazoles that are efficiently absorbed.

In another analysis, published in July in the same journal, researchers found that

a typical serving of coffee contains more antioxidants than typical servings of grape juice, blueberries, raspberries and oranges

We were surprised to learn that coffee quantitatively is the major contributor of antioxidants in the diet both in Norway and in the U.S.A.- said Rune Blomhoff, the senior author of both studies and a professor of nutrition at the University of Oslo.

These same anti-inflammatory properties may explain why coffee appears to decrease the risk of alcohol-related cirrhosis and liver cancer. This effect was first observed in 1992. Recent studies, published in June in The Archives of Internal Medicine, confirmed the finding.

Still, some experts believe that coffee drinking, and particularly caffeine consumption, can have negative health consequences. A study published in January in The Journal of the American College of Cardiology, for example, suggests that the amount of caffeine in two cups of coffee significantly decreases blood flow to the heart, particularly during exercise at high altitude.

Rob van Dam, a Harvard scientist and the lead author of The Journal of the American Medical Association review, acknowledged that caffeine could increase blood pressure and slightly increase levels of the amino acid homocysteine, possibly raising the risk for heart disease.

I wouldn’t advise people to increase their consumption of coffee in order to lower their risk of disease

- Dr. van Dam said-,

but the evidence is that for most people without specific conditions, coffee is not detrimental to health. If people enjoy drinking it, it’s comforting to know that they don’t have to be afraid of negative health effects.

VOCABULARY

1. Chlorogenic (adjective): An astringent acid found in coffee berries, Paraguay tea, and other plants, so called from colouring ferric salts green.
2. Dampen (verb): Reduce the energy, liveliness, or violence of something.
3. Phenol (noun): A hydroxyl derivative of benzene, C₆H₅(OH), commonly known as carbolic acid.
4. Volatile (adjective): Liable to change suddenly and unexpectedly.
5. Oxazole (noun): A weakly basic, heterocyclic compound, O·CH:N·CH:CH, which is a volatile liquid.
6. Blueberry (noun): The name of various species of Vaccinium, especially the American V. corymbosum.
7. Raspberry (noun): A small, red fruit that grows on bushes.
8. Homocysteine (noun): An amino-acid, HS·CH₂·CH₂·CH(NH₂)·COOH, which is important as an intermediate in the metabolism of methonine and cysteine.

SUMMARY

This is a new research about coffee-drinking benefits from The Journal of the American Medical Association which concluded that habitual coffee consumption prevented from Type 2 diabetes.

One of the main reasons of that is because coffee contains antioxidants and, specially, chlorogenic acid which helps to reduce glucose concentrations through the human vital system. Despite the fact that caffeine wasn't considered into account by the scientists from that institute, both with caffeine and decaffeinated coffee were found in the same degree of risk reduction.

It continues with some statical data related to the relation between the quantity of coffee drunk per day and the percentage of the level of risk reduction in diabetes, for instance. In addition to this, cardiovascular diseases also have been considered and women's case was pointed out by Norwegian researchers.

Also, its antioxidants' proporties were considered in order to list more advantages of coffee's consumption.

On the other hand, a Hardvard scientist explained some possible disadvantages of coffee's consumption to conclude that despite these disadvantages, habitual coffee's consumption is more valuable to have.

OPINION

I think plenty of researchs or studies are biased towards some companie's interests. In this case, I believe this study isn't completely biases because its sources come from different institutions.

Secondly, as far as I'm concerned, coffee's consumption has important benefits in our daily life. From my own experience, I strongly believe that consumption could help people to live more healthily and to acquire an accurate focus on things in general because of more concentration from that.

Robo

Cómo delincuentes “marcan” su casa para entrar a robar

Octubre 20, 2006 en 12:13 am (Argentina)

A través de un informe, la Policía publicó los signos con los que ladrones pintan los frentes de las casas o dejan mensajes debajo de felpudos para identificar, por ejemplo, dónde viven mujeres solas.

La Policía encontró un documento en el vehículo de un delincuente con signos que fueron contrastados por personas asaltadas. Las víctimas de la delincuencia dieron fe de que los signos indicados eran ciertos y que ellos mismos los habían hallado en sus hogares, luego de haber sido robados. Los signos son pintados con tiza o marcados con algún objeto punzante en timbres, veredas de entrada e incluso debajo del felpudo de la puerta de calle o paredes. Si bien es obvio que las marcas no tienen hora, se observó que es entre las 13 y las 16, cuando son realizados gran parte de los signos, por los delincuentes.

La fuerza de seguridad advirtió que debe mantenerse la puerta de entrada bien cerrada, así como cerciorarse acerca de quién está del otro lado antes abrirla. Asimismo, aconsejan borrar la señal dejando la menor huella posible al momento de descubrirla. Y destacaron que dar la mayor difusión posible entre familiares, amigos, vecinos, lugar de trabajo es la mejor prevención.

LOS NUEVOS CÓDIGOS DEL HAMPA

• Delincuencia crea signos para marcar el lugar de hurto • Informe de inteligencia de la Policía revela documento con símbolos delictivos • Zonas residenciales son las elegidas.

La imaginación delictiva no tiene límites. Un informe de inteligencia de la Policía Nacional descubrió un nuevo método delincuencial para desvalijar residencias en la capital.

Han elaborado 19 símbolos o signos, donde cada uno tiene un significado de alerta para ellos mismos en el momento de cometer su fechoría.

Después de ser contrastado, el documento que se encontró en el vehículo de un delincuente, con algunos agraviados, se ha determinado que realmente esas figuras, similares a una gráfica simple para pasar inadvertida, son ciertas. “En la última semana se han detectado 6 tipos de símbolos en las paredes de las casas, por eso hemos redoblado la seguridad en el distrito”, refiere Manuel Canales, gerente de seguridad ciudadana de Surco.

No solo marcas

Pero no solo hacen marcas, también dejan propaganda publicitaria en las puertas de las viviendas y a los dos días regresan; si no las recogen es que no hay nadie, añade el ejecutivo municipal.

Según la simbología delictiva, ahora los delincuentes hacen primero un trabajo de campo en las zonas residenciales de los distritos de La Molina, San Isidro, Surco y Miraflores. En la segunda fase, le ponen la marca en las paredes frontales.

Los signos dependen de la evaluación que hayan desarrollado, como:

• “Abren con cadena”
• “Se puede robar”
• “Mujer sola”
• “De vacaciones”
• “Solo viven mujeres”
• “Robar inválido”

Incluso de prevención para ellos mismos:

• “Cuidado policía”
• “Ojo hay perro”
• “Casa ya robada”
• “Nada de interés”
• “Aquí nada”

o

• “Muy buena”
• “Usar palanca”, entre otras.

Otro detalle del informe policial es que el horario que emplean los sujetos para hacer sus pintas es variable. Pero usualmente es entre la una y cuatro de la tarde. Y emplean tizas, plumones o pintura en spray (mismo grafiti), hasta algún objeto punzante para plasmar sus signos en las fachadas, según crean conveniente.

Alerta total

Ante esta situación, Juan Zubiaga, gerente de planeamiento de la comuna de Surco, dijo que se están coordinando charlas con los vigilantes particulares y la policía del sector, difundiendo todo lo posible los símbolos a fin de que estén alertas.

Es por ello que el patrullaje se ha incrementado en un inmueble de la esquina de Loma Umbrosa y Caminos del Inca, donde se encontró una “X” que significa que los inquilinos se encuentran ausentes por vacaciones. “Se ha designado en ese lugar a un sereno las 24 horas”, indicó Juan Zubiaga.

Luis Montoya. Director de la PNP:

“Es una acertada investigación del modus operandi de los ladrones. Cada banda delictiva tiene su estilo y manera de actuar. Es un ensayo de esos sujetos, pero que no debería crear alarma entre la población. Todo está bajo control”

Recomendación de seguridad y autoprotección:

1. Procure estar atento a las pintas extrañas que se presenten en los timbres de la entrada de su residencia, en el suelo e incluso debajo del felpudo.
2. Igualmente en las paredes de las fachadas o puertas de la cochera que deben ser mantenidas bien cerradas.
3. Si encuentra una señal en su vivienda, bórrela de inmediato, dejando lo menos posible que se pueda observar.
4. Antes de abrir la puerta de su casa, cerciórese de quién se trata. No vayan a ser sorprendidos.
   
5. Mantenga una comunicación directa con su familia y vecindario sobre este tipo de señales extrañas que están apareciendo.
6. No dejar la casa sola, en especial los fines de semana o feriados.

Las autoridades no están seguras de que sea real. Aun así la voz ya corrió por el Distrito Federal, el Estado de México y ahora llegó hasta el estado de Guerrero, cuyo gobierno prefirió no arriesgarse y decidió alertar a su población: una banda dedicada a asaltar casas utiliza símbolos para señalar dónde pueden dar un buen golpe o dónde ni siquiera deben intentarlo.

“Dichos signos son pintados con tiza o marcados con algún objeto punzante en timbres de entrada, suelos e incluso bajo del tapete de entrada o paredes”

- advierte la Procuraduría de Justicia del Estado, en lo que llamó un “Aviso urgente de la Policía Estatal”.

Las autoridades de Guerrero son las primeras en referirse de manera oficial a esta supuesta banda de la que comenzó a hablarse a mediados de 2006. En aquel entonces se decía que operaban en colonias del sur de la ciudad de México.

Según el gobierno de Zeferino Torreblanca, en ese estado tienen testigos que han reconocido el uso de estos símbolos durante los asaltos que han sufrido en sus domicilios.

“Se ha contrastado por personas ya robadas, y han reconocido éstos signos o símbolos”

- aseguran las autoridades guerrerenses.

De acuerdo con informes del gobierno local, hace unas semanas policías estatales detuvieron a un hombre y entre sus cosas le encontraron la lista de los símbolos que usa su banda.

“Dentro del vehículo de un delincuente se ha encontrado una agenda en donde se aprecian dibujos de unos símbolos y su significado, que han constatado personas ya robadas, y han reconocido éstos signos o símbolos”

- indicó la procuraduría. La hoja con la simbología es la misma que ha circulado ya entre los policías capitalinos y mexiquenses.

Se trata de algunos signos que los delincuentes rayan en las casas para comunicarse entre ellos y que indican entre otras cosas:

• “se puede robar”
• “cuidado policía”
• “casa deshabitada”
• “abren con cadena”
• e incluso que se trata de una “casa ya robada”

Otros de los símbolos se refieren a que en la casa:

• “no hay nada de interés”

o que

• “es inútil insistir”

También los usan para avisar que ahí hay

• “una mujer sola”
• “hay un inválido”
• “están de vacaciones”

o para prevenir pues

• “ojo, hay un perro”

De acuerdo con la información proporcionada por las autoridades de Guerrero, quienes realizan estas pintas

“naturalmente no tienen hora (para hacerlo), pero se ha observado que dentro las 13:00 horas y las 16:00 horas, son realizados gran parte de los signos por los delincuentes”.

La Procuraduría General de Justicia del Estado de Guerrero pidió a la gente que “no piense que a usted nunca le va a tocar”.

Adolfo Velázquez, Prefecto de Carabineros de la IV Zona Policial, explicó que aunque no hay bandas organizadas que marquen casas con grafitis, sí se dejan señas a las que hay que estar atentos.

Un artículo de "Las Últimas Noticias" de este jueves llamó la atención al entregar antecedentes y el significado de marcas realizadas con spray en las casas para facilitar el robo de especies. Indicaciones como:

• “cuidado policía”
• “mujer sola”
• “hay perro”
• “no hay nada de interés”

son algunos de los significados de los símbolos que en Santiago fueron reconocidos por carabineros.

¿Pero qué sucede en la región de El Observatodo con este tema? La respuesta la entregó el Prefecto de Carabineros Adolfo Velásquez quien explicó que

“en la región no hay bandas grafiteras delictuales que tengan una simbología clara, sino otras señales como dejar un periódico o botella en el pasto para ver cuántos días pasan sin que sea recogido…también colocan scotch o una amarrita en la reja para verificar cuántos días u horas pasan sin que se rompa este sello”

La autoridad policial confirmó que no existen denuncias de grafitis sospechosos ni robos luego de haber sido víctimas de un grafitero. Atraparon a dos niños que intentaban robar una casa. Sospechan que los menores son enviados por adultos para robar o “marcar” casas céntricas. Dos menores de 8 y 9 años fueron atrapados por los dueños de una casa, justo en el momento en que intentaban robar elementos del interior de la misma, informaron ayer extraoficialmente fuentes ligadas a la investigación.

El caso, que no trascendió oficialmente, habría ocurrido el lunes en horas de la siesta cuando los propietarios de una casa familiar ubicada en calle 9 de Julio al 2000 regresaron y se encontraron que dentro de la finca había dos menores de edad con claras intenciones de robo.
Según indicaron las fuentes, se trata de dos niños de tan sólo 8 y 9 años que ya son conocidos por la Policía por estar vinculados a hechos similares en distintos barrios de la capital correntina.

Los menores que viven en inmediaciones de las calles Cartagena y Tacuarí en el barrio 9 de julio, son frecuentemente enviados a delinquir por los adultos que los manipulan.

Las fuentes confirmaron a “época”, que fueron los mismos dueños del domicilio que entregaron a los menores a móvil policial que llegó hasta el lugar tras el llamado telefónico de los damnificados.

Al parecer no se habría realizado una denuncia formal pero igualmente los precoces delincuentes fueron demorados por algunas horas en la comisaría Cuarta y luego entregados a sus progenitores.

El caso de los menores delincuentes no es nuevo, lo que si asusta es la cantidad de hechos que se repiten en la capital correntina. Hace unos meses, un menor murió baleado por el dueño de una finca que lo descubrió dentro.

El 80% de los casos denunciados (robos, asaltos y arrebatos) involucra a menores de entre 14 y 17 años. Cristián, un joven que cuida de vez en cuando la casa de un tío que trabaja en otra región, relató que en junio de este año le hicieron marcas con pintura en las cuatro esquinas de la reja y una marca con lápiz grafito en la puerta de entrada con un ticket y un asterisco, ante lo cual borró las marcas con rapidez.

“Solicité a mis vecinos que estuvieran atentos y una vez tuve la oportunidad de ir a la casa muy tarde y descubrí que eran unos niños que dejan su marca como si fueran perritos…de todas formas me preocupo de regar para que el pasto se vea cuidado y dejo la luz prendida en la noche”

-contó.

El prefecto Velásquez recomendó borrar cualquier rayado con rapidez para no dar cabida al uso de simbologías a futuro, regar el pasto y retirar las cuentas que queden visibles, revisar periódicamente el estado de cerraduras y encender la luz o una radio cuando se salga por varias horas.

“Lo más importante es que los vecinos tengan una buena convivencia, se saluden y se conozcan porque los sistemas más efectivos de alarma son las personas que están cerca de nosotros y pueden hacer un llamado a carabineros de manera oportuna…el Plan Cuadrante que comenzó a ser aplicado en la región entrega mayor vigilancia, pero sin duda la unión entre los vecinos es fundamental para denunciar y detener la delincuencia”

, finalizó Adolfo Velásquez.